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Acquired conditions associated with PVT include [15,18,21-28]:

●Cirrhosis

●Hepatocellular carcinoma

●Philadelphia-chromosome negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders (polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, idiopathic myelofibrosis, unclassifiable myeloproliferative disorders) (see "Overview of the myeloproliferative neoplasms")

●Antiphospholipid syndrome

●Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

●Behçet syndrome

●Recent pregnancy or oral contraceptive use

●Abdominal inflammatory lesions including infection, pancreatitis, and inflammatory bowel disease

●Trauma

Procedures that have been associated with PVT include [15,23,26,29-32]:

●Abdominal surgery or surgical injury of the portal vein axis

●Endoscopic sclerotherapy

●Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt

●Splenectomy

●Hepatic resection

●Pancreatic islet cell transplantation