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def predict_particles(particles, u):
    for i in range(N_PARTICLE):
        px = np.zeros((STATE_SIZE, 1))
        px[0, 0] = particles[i].x
        px[1, 0] = particles[i].y
        px[2, 0] = particles[i].yaw
        ud = u + (np.random.randn(1, 2) @ R ** 0.5).T  # add noise
        px = motion_model(px, ud)
        particles[i].x = px[0, 0]
        particles[i].y = px[1, 0]
        particles[i].yaw = px[2, 0]

    return particles