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1 PCM
clc
clear all
close all
fm = input("Fr:");
n = input("No. of Bits:");
A=2;
fs = 2*fm;
t=0:0.01:1;
x = A*cos(2*pi*fm*t);
ts = 0:0.01:1;
xs = A*cos(2*pi*fs*ts);
x1 = xs/(2*A);
L = (2^n - 1);
x1 = L*x1;
xq = round(x1);
y = [];
for i = 1:length(xq)
d = dec2bin(xq(i),n);
y = [y double(d)-48];
end
figure
stem(ts,xs);
hold on
plot(ts,xs);
hold off
figure
stem(t,x);
hold on
plot(t,x);
hold off
figure
stem(ts,xq-(L/2));
hold on
plot(ts,xq-(L/2));
hold off
figure
stairs(y);
2 ASK
clc
clear all
close all
tb = 1; fc = 5;
t = 0:tb/100:1;
c = sqrt(2/tb)*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
n = 8;
m = rand(1,n);
t1 = 0;
t2 = tb;
for i=1:n
t = t1:.01:t2;
if m(i)>0.5
m(i) = 1;
m_s=ones(1,length(t));
else
m(i)=0;
m_s = zeros(1,length(t));
end
message(i,:) = m_s;
ask_sig(i,:) = c.*m_s;
subplot(2,3,2);
axis([0 n -2 2]);
plot(t,ask_sig(i,:));
hold on;
subplot(2,3,1);
axis([0 n -2 2]);
plot(t,message(i,:));
hold on;
t1 = t1+(tb+0.01);
t2 = t2+(tb+0.01);
end
figure
plot(t,c);
figure
stem(m);
3 FSK
clc
clear all
close all
tb = 1;
fc1 = 2;
fc2 = 5;
t = 0:(tb/100):1;
c1 = sqrt(2/tb)*sin(2*pi*fc1*t);
c2 = sqrt(2/tb)*sin(2*pi*fc2*t);
n = 8;
m=rand(1,n);
t1 = 0;
t2 =tb;
for i=1:n
t =t1:tb/100:t2;
if m(i)>0.5
m(i)=1;
m_s = ones(1,length(t));
invm_s = zeros(1,length(t));
else
m(i)=0;
m_s=zeros(1,length(t));
invm_s=ones(1,length(i));
end
mess(i,:) = m_s;
fsk1(i,:)= c1.*m_s;
fsk2(i,:)=c2.*invm_s;
fsk = fsk1+fsk2;
subplot(2,2,1);
axis([0 n -2 2]);
plot(t,fsk(i,:),LineWidth=1.5);
grid on
hold on
subplot(2,2,2);
axis([0 n -2 2]);
plot(t,mess(i,:),LineWidth=1.5);
hold on
grid on
t1=t1+(tb+0.01);
t2=t2+(tb+0.01);
end
hold off
subplot(2,2,3);
stem(m);
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(c1);
t1 = 0;
t2 =tb;
for i=1:n
t = t1:0.01:t2;
x1 = sum(c1.*fsk1(i,:));
x2 = sum(c2.*fsk2(i,:));
x =x1-x2;
if x>0
demod(i) = 1;
else
demod(i) = 0;
end
t1=t1+(tb+0.01);
t2=t2+(tb+0.01);
end
figure
stem(demod);
4 PSK
clc
clear all
close all
tb = 1;
t = 0:tb/100:1;
fc = 2;
c = sqrt(2/tb)*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
t1 = 0;
t2 = tb;
n = 8;
m = rand(1,n);
for i=1:n
t = t1:0.01:t2;
if m(i)>0.5
m(i) = 1;
m_s = ones(1,length(t));
else
m(i) = 0;
m_s = -1*ones(1,length(t));
end
mess(i,:) = m_s;
psk(i,:) = c.*m_s;
subplot(2,1,1);
axis([0 n -2 2]);
plot(t,mess(i,:));
hold on
subplot(2,1,2);
axis([0 n -2 2]);
plot(t,psk(i,:));
hold on
t1 = t1+tb+.01;
t2 = t2+tb+.01;
end
hold off
figure
stem(m);
figure
plot(t,c);
t1 = 0;
t2 = tb;
for i=1:n
t = t1:0.01:t2;
x = sum(c.*psk(i,:));
if x>0
demod(i) = 1;
else
demod(i) = 0;
end
t1 = t1+tb+.01;
t2 = t2+tb+.01;
end
figure
stem(demod);
5 LINE ENCODING
clc
clear all
close all
d = rand(1,8);
for i = 1:8
if d(i)>0.5
bits(i)= 1;
else
bits(i) = 0;
end
end
bitrate = 1;
t = length(bits)/bitrate;
n =200;
N = n*length(bits);
dt = t/N;
t = 0:dt:N;
subplot(5,1,1);
stem(bits);
for i = 0:length(bits)-1
if bits(i+1) == 1
x(i*n+1:(i+0.5)*n)= 1;
x((i+0.5)*n+1:(i+1)*n) = -1;
else
x(i*n+1:(i+0.5)*n)= -1;
x((i+0.5)*n+1:(i+1)*n) = 1;
end
end
subplot(5,1,2);
plot(x);
title("Manchester");
for i = 0:length(bits)-1
if bits(i+1) == 1
x1(i*n+1:(i+1)*n) = 1;
else
x1(i*n+1:(i+1)*n) = 0;
end
end
subplot(5,1,1);
plot(x1);
title("IN");
subplot(5,1,3);
plot(x1);
title("Uni nrz");
for i = 0:length(bits)-1
if bits(i+1) == 1
x(i*n+1:(i+0.5)*n)= 1;
x((i+0.5)*n+1:(i+1)*n) = 0;
else
x(i*n+1:(i+1)*n) = 0;
end
end
subplot(5,1,4);
plot(x);
title("Uni Rz");
count = 0;
for i = 0:length(bits)-1
cou = rem(count,2);
if bits(i+1) == 1
if cou == 0
x(i*n+1:(i+1)*n) = 1;
else
x(i*n+1:(i+1)*n) = -1;
end
count=count+1;
else
x(i*n+1:(i+1)*n) = 0;
end
end
subplot(5,1,5);
plot(x);
title("Bippolar nrz");
for i = 0:2:length(bits)-1
y = (bits(i+1)*10) + bits(i+2);
if y == 0
x(i*n+1:(i+2)*n)= -1.5;
elseif y ==1
x(i*n+1:(i+2)*n)= -.5;
elseif y ==10
x(i*n+1:(i+2)*n)= .5;
else
x(i*n+1:(i+2)*n)= 1.5;
end
end
figure
plot(x);
title("Quaternary");
6 PSD
clc
clear all
close all
bitrate = 1;
tb = 1/bitrate;
a = 1;
f = 0:bitrate/100:2*bitrate;
x1 = f*tb;
sx = (((a^2*tb)/2)*sinc(x1).^2)+(((a^2*tb)/4)*sin(x1).^2).*dirac(f);
plot(sx);
hold on
sx = (((a^2*tb))*sinc(x1).^2);
plot(sx);
sx = (((a^2*tb))*sinc(x1).^2).*sin(3.14*x1).^2;
plot(sx);
sx = (((a^2*tb))*sinc(x1/2).^2).*sin(3.14*x1/2).^2;
plot(sx);
hold off
7 DUOBINARY
clc
clear all
close all
bk = [0 0 1 0 1 1 0];
x = 1;
ak = [1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0];
disp(bk);
polar = ones(1,length(bk));
duo = zeros(1,length(bk));
for i = 1:length(bk)
ak(i+1) = xor(bk(i),ak(i));
if ak(i+1)==1
polar(i+1) = 1;
else
polar(i+1) = -1;
end
end
disp(ak);
disp(polar);
for i = 1:length(polar)-1
duo(i) = polar(i)+polar(i+1);
end
for i=1:length(duo)
y = abs(duo(i));
if y>1
binin(i) = 0;
else
binin(i) = 1;
end
end
disp(duo);
disp(binin);
subplot(5,1,1);
stem(bk,"LineWidth",2);
subplot(5,1,2);
stem(ak,"LineWidth",2);
subplot(5,1,3);
stem(polar,"LineWidth",2);
subplot(5,1,4);
stem(duo,"LineWidth",2);
subplot(5,1,5);
stem(binin,"LineWidth",2);
8 PN SEQUENCE
clc
clear all
close all
n = 4;
bin = [1 0 0 0];
pn = zeros(1,2^length(bin)-1);
for i = 1:1:15
y = xor(bin(1),bin(4));
pn(i) = bin(4);
for j = 4:-1:2
bin(j) = bin(j-1);
end
bin(1) = y;
end
disp(pn);
stem(pn,"LineWidth",2);
9 TDM
clc
clear all
close all
t = 0:0.1:5*pi;
sig1 = sin(t);
l =length(sig1);
sig2 = 1*triangle(t);
sig3 = square(t);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(sig1);
subplot(3,1,2);
plot(sig2);
subplot(3,1,3);
plot(sig3);
for i=1:l
sig(1,i) = sig1(i);
sig(2,i) = sig2(i);
sig(3,i) = sig3(i);
end
dmrg = reshape(sig,1,3*l);
figure
plot(dmrg);
function y = triangle(t)
y = abs(mod((t+pi)/pi,2)-1);
end
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