Untitled

graph TB
    A[Aldehydes and Ketones]
    A --> B[Oxidation of Aldehydes with Potassium Permanganate]
    A --> C[2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Test]
    A --> D[Schiff's Test]
    A --> E[Tollen's Test]
    A --> F[Fehling's Test]
    A --> G[Iodoform Test for Methyl Ketones]
    A --> H[Reaction with Sodium Bisulfite]
    A --> I[Chromic Acid Test]

    B --> B1[5 drops of 1% potassium permanganate in 1 mL distilled water]
    B1 --> B2[Add 4 drops of test sample, shake for 5 minutes]
    B2 --> B3[Check for discoloration]
    B3 --> B4{Discoloration?}
    B4 -- Yes --> B5[Record observations]
    B4 -- No --> B6[Add 3 drops of 6M sodium hydroxide, observe]
    B6 --> B7[Record observations]
    B --> B8[Write chemical equations]

    C --> C1[1 mL of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in test tube]
    C1 --> C2[Add 2 drops of test sample, shake]
    C2 --> C3[Observe for yellow precipitate]
    C3 --> C4[Repeat with acetic acid and ethanol]
    C4 --> C5[Write general equation for the reaction]

    D --> D1[1 mL of Schiff's reagent in 4 test tubes]
    D1 --> D2[Add 4 drops of test sample, swirl]
    D2 --> D3{Pink/Purple Color?}
    D3 -- Yes --> D4[Record observations]
    D3 -- No --> D5[Stopper, shake vigorously]
    D5 --> D6[Record observations]
    D --> D7[Write general chemical equation]

    E --> E1[Prepare Tollen's reagent just before use]
    E1 --> E2[Add 4 drops of test sample]
    E2 --> E3{Reaction at room temp for 2 min?}
    E3 -- Yes --> E4[Observe silver mirror or black precipitate]
    E3 -- No --> E5[Heat test tube at 60°C, observe for 3 min]
    E5 --> E6[Observe silver mirror or black precipitate]
    E --> E7[Write chemical equation]

    F --> F1[Mix 1 mL Fehling's solution A and B in test tube]
    F1 --> F2[Add 4 drops or 50 mg of test sample]
    F2 --> F3[Swirl mixture, observe]
    F3 --> F4{Precipitate?}
    F4 -- Yes --> F5[Record observations]
    F4 -- No --> F6[Heat in hot water bath, observe]
    F --> F7[Write chemical equation]

    G --> G1[4 drops of sample in 2 mL of 6M sodium hydroxide]
    G1 --> G2[Add iodine-potassium iodide solution until pink coloration]
    G2 --> G3[Heat at 60°C for 1 min, observe decolorization]
    G3 --> G4[Add more reagent to keep colored]
    G4 --> G5[Observe for precipitate]
    G --> G6[Repeat with isopropyl alcohol]
    G --> G7[Write chemical equations]

    H --> H1[4 drops of test sample in 1 mL sodium bisulfite solution]
    H1 --> H2[Shake for 1-2 min, let stand]
    H2 --> H3{Precipitate?}
    H3 -- Yes --> H4[Record observations]
    H3 -- No --> H5[Record observations]
    H --> H6[Explain results]

    I --> I1[1 mL of acetone in test tube]
    I1 --> I2[Add 5 drops of chromic acid reagent]
    I2 --> I3[Stand for 3 min]
    I3 --> I4{Reaction?}
    I4 -- Yes --> I5[Change solvent]
    I4 -- No --> I6[1 mL acetone, 2 drops of test sample, 5 drops chromic acid]
    I6 --> I7[Shake, observe discoloration]
    I --> I8[Write chemical equation]