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#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    int t;

    //cout << "t: ";
    cin >> t;

    for (int i = 0; i < t; i++)
    { // case-lerin sayi
        int n;
        //cout << "n: ";
        cin >> n;

        vector<int> vect;
        vect.reserve(n);

        for (int j = 0; j < n; ++j)
        { // vectoru doldurmaq
            int v;
            //cout << "v" << (j + 1) << ": ";
            cin >> v;
            vect.push_back(v);
        }

        while (vect.size() != 1)
        {
            int a = vect.back();
            // pop a
            vect.pop_back();

            int b = vect.back();
            vect.back() = a + b - 1;
        }

        //cout << "result: ";
        cout << vect.back() << '\n';
    }
    return 0;
}