Untitled

using System;

namespace MyApp
{
    internal class Program
    {
        //****************************(Functions)********************************
        
        // Pass by value: The parameter is passed by copying the value.
        // Modifying 'num' inside the method won't affect the original variable.
        static int IncrementByValue(int num)
        {
            num++;
            return num;
        }

        // Pass by reference: The parameter is passed as a reference.
        // Changes made to 'num' directly affect the original variable.
        static int IncrementWithRef(ref int num)
        {
            num++; 
            return num; // The variable must be initialized before being passed to ref.
        }

        // Pass with out parameter: The parameter is passed uninitialized.
        // The method must assign a value before using the parameter.
        static int IncrementWithOut(out int num)
        {
            num = 10; // Assigning a value to the out parameter.
            num++;
            return num;
        }
         
        //*******************************************************************

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {  
            //****************************(Main Code)********************************

            int a = 10; // 'a' is initialized before being passed to the ref parameter.
            IncrementWithRef(ref a); // Passing by reference using ref.

            int c; // 'c' is declared but not neccessery initialized.
            IncrementWithOut(out c); // Passing by reference using out (requires assignment inside the method).

            int b = 10; // 'b' is initialized.
            IncrementByValue(b); // Passing by value.

            // Output the results to the console
            Console.WriteLine(a); // Output: 11 
            Console.WriteLine(c); // Output: 11 
            Console.WriteLine(b); // Output: 10 

            //*******************************************************************
        }
    }
}