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+-------------------+       +-------------------+       +-------------------+
|     Variable      |       |    Population     |       |     Parameter     |
| (e.g., Height,    |------>| (All individuals  |------>| (e.g., Population  |
| Weight, Age)      |       | of interest)      |       | Mean μ)           |
+-------------------+       +-------------------+       +-------------------+
        |                           |                           |
        |                           |                           |
        v                           v                           v
+-------------------+       +-------------------+       +-------------------+
|     Sample        |       |    Sampling       |       |     Statistic     |
| (Subset of        |<------| (Method to select |------>| (e.g., Sample     |
| population)       |       | sample)           |       | Mean x̄)          |
+-------------------+       +-------------------+       +-------------------+
        |                           |                           |
        |                           |                           |
        v                           v                           v
+-------------------+       +-------------------+       +-------------------+
|    Estimator      |       |     Estimate      |       |     Inference     |
| (Rule or formula  |------>| (Specific value   |------>| (Conclusion about |
| to calculate      |       | from estimator)   |       | population)       |
| estimate)         |       |                   |       |                   |
+-------------------+       +-------------------+       +-------------------+