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    private static Long calculateFirstBoundTimeToNowSeconds(MultiShipmentDTO shipment, Long now) {
        // shipment bound time is the earliest bound time of all its shipment items.
        Optional<Date> firstBoundTime = shipment.getShipmentItemList().stream()
            .map(shipmentItem -> shipmentItem.getBatchBoundTime())
            .filter(Objects::nonNull).min(Comparator.naturalOrder());
        if (firstBoundTime.isPresent()) {
            return TimeUnit.SECONDS.convert(firstBoundTime.get().getTime() - now,
                TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
        }
        else {
            return -1L;
        }
    }